[Week 1, 2] NPTEL Artificial Intelligence : Search Methods For Problem Solving Assignment Answer 2023

NPTEL Artificial Intelligence : Search Methods For Problem Solving Assignment Answer

NPTEL Artificial Intelligence : Search Methods For Problem Solving Week 2 Assignment Answer 2023

(State Space Example)

1. What information is available in Week 2 notes (bunch of PDFs) published in the course page?

• About node order and tie breaker
• How to model a problem as a state space search problem
• Some properties of state spaces
• DFS, BFS, DBDFS algorithms and ancillary functions
• DFID-N, DFID-C algorithms and ancillary functions
• Examples of list and tuple operations
• Solved lecture examples
• Solutions to practice assignment problems
• Some problems to demonstrate node order

Answer :- 

2. Which of the following states satisfy the capacity constraints of the 12-8-5 water jug puzzle?

• (5, 6, 1)
• (0, 6, 6)
• (4, 4, 4)
• (8, 2, 2)

Answer :- 

3. From the state (7, 0, 5), which of the following states can we reach in one or more moves?

• (3, 4, 5)
• (4, 3, 5)
• (4, 4, 4)
• (5, 4, 3)

Answer :- 

4. The water-jug state space in the practice assignment _____ .

• is the full state space for the 12-8-5 water-jug puzzle
• is the subspace reachable from the state (12,0,0)
• satisfies the “reversible state space” property
• does not satisfy the “reversible state space” property

Answer :- 

5. In the water-jug state space covered in the practice assignment _______ .

• from the state (12,0,0) there is a unique path to every other state
• for every pair of distinct states X and Y, there is a path from X to Y
• for every pair of distinct states X and Y, if there is a path from X to Y and if there is a path from Y to X then both these paths are of the same length
• for every state X, MoveGen(X) will return exactly four neighbours
• for every state X, MoveGen(X) will return at most four neighbours

Answer :- 

6. Given the following start states, from which of these start states can we reach (7, 0, 5) in one or more moves?

• (3, 4, 5)
• (4, 3, 5)
• (4, 4, 4)
• (5, 4, 3)

Answer :- 

7. From the state (12,0,0) the least number of moves required to reach (6,6,0) is __________ .

Enter an integer.
DO NOT ENTER SPACES, TABS, DOTS, BRACKETS OR EXTRANEOUS CHARACTERS.

Answer :- 

8. From the state (12,0,0) the least number of moves required to reach (3,4,5) is _ _______.

Enter an integer.
DO NOT ENTER SPACES, TABS, DOTS, BRACKETS OR EXTRANEOUS CHARACTERS.

Answer :- 

9. From the state (3,4,5) the least number of moves required to reach (12,0,0) is _________ .

Enter an integer.
DO NOT ENTER SPACES, TABS, DOTS, BRACKETS OR EXTRANEOUS CHARACTERS.

Answer :- 

10. In the 12-8-5 water jug puzzle, is it possible to measure integral volumes 1L, 2L, 3L, …, 12L, where the volume measured must be present in a single jug?

• Yes
• No
• Cannot be determined

Answer :- 

Course Name	Artificial Intelligence : Search Methods For Problem Solving
Category	NPTEL Assignment Answer
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NPTEL Artificial Intelligence : Search Methods For Problem Solving Week 1 Assignment Answer 2023

1. “I think that tastes, odors, colors, and so on are no more than mere names so far as the object in which we locate them are concerned, and that they reside in consciousness. Hence if the living creature were removed, all these qualities would be wiped away and annihilated”. Who said it?

• Alan Turing
• Blaise Pascal
• Galileo Galilei
• Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz

Answer :- c. Galileo Galilei (This quote is attributed to Galileo Galilei.)

2. Who first said that reasoning is manipulation of symbols, reasoning is computation?

• Galileo Galilei
• Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz
• John McCarthy
• Thomas Hobbes

Answer :- c. John McCarthy (The statement "reasoning is manipulation of symbols, reasoning is computation" is associated with John McCarthy. He was an American computer scientist and one of the pioneers in the field of artificial intelligence (AI). McCarthy is known for coining the term "artificial intelligence" and for his contributions to the development of the programming language LISP, which became an important language for AI research. He made significant contributions to the understanding of computation and reasoning within the context of AI.)

3. Who said the following? – “Thoughts themselves are symbolic representations”

• Galileo Galilei
• Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz
• John McCarthy
• Rene Descartes

Answer :- c. John McCarthy (The statement "Thoughts themselves are symbolic representations" is associated with John McCarthy. As mentioned earlier, John McCarthy was an American computer scientist and a pioneer in the field of artificial intelligence (AI). He made significant contributions to the understanding of how thoughts and reasoning could be represented using symbols and computation within the context of AI research.)

4. Who invented the Stepped Drum in 1673, which was used until the mid-1970s?

• Alan Turing
• Blaise Pascal
• Galileo Galilei
• Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz

Answer :- d. Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (The Stepped Drum, also known as the Leibniz Wheel, was invented by Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz in 1673. Leibniz was a German mathematician, philosopher, and polymath who made significant contributions to various fields, including mathematics and computing. The Stepped Drum was an early mechanical calculator used for performing multiplication and division operations and was a precursor to later mechanical calculating devices.)

5. Augusta Ada Byron ____________ .

• is also known as Ada Lovelace
• was a mathematician
• is often referred to as the “first programmer”
• has a programming language named after her, called ADA

Answer :- All of the given options are correct:

Augusta Ada Byron is also known as Ada Lovelace.
She was a mathematician.
Ada Lovelace is often referred to as the "first programmer" because of her work with Charles Babbage on his Analytical Engine, where she wrote detailed notes describing the first algorithm intended for implementation on a machine. Thus, she is considered one of the first computer programmers in history.
There is a programming language named after her called ADA, which was named in her honor and is widely used in various applications, particularly in safety-critical systems and defense-related projects.

6. Alan Turing ____________ .

• said that the question whether machines can think is itself “too meaningless”
• proposed a method to test a machine’s ability to exhibit intelligent behaviour equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a human. He called it “imitation game” and now it is called “Turing Test”
• coined the term “Artificial Intelligence”
• wrote the first checkers playing program

Answer :- b.  proposed a method to test a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behaviour equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a human. He called it “imitation game” and now it is called “Turing Test”

d. wrote the first checkers playing program

7. The “Universal Grammar” is ______________________.

• a grammar that describes the structure of the universe
• a theory by Chomsky that says: all humans are born with an inbuilt grammar
• a worldwide standard for English grammar
• a grammar to describe the images from the James Webb telescope

Answer :- b) a theory by Chomsky that says: all humans are born with an inbuilt grammar

The term "Universal Grammar" refers to a theory proposed by linguist Noam Chomsky, which suggests that all humans are born with an innate, universal language faculty or grammar. According to this theory, despite the vast diversity of languages spoken across the world, there are underlying linguistic structures and principles that are shared by all languages. These innate language capabilities enable infants to learn and acquire the grammar of any language they are exposed to during early development. Universal Grammar plays a fundamental role in Chomsky's theory of language acquisition and the study of human language in general.

8. The “Logic Theorist” is ____________________

• a computer program to find proofs
• a mathematician who works on Logic
• a program designed by Herbert Simon and Alan Newell
• a logic based chess player

Answer :- c) a program designed by Herbert Simon and Alan Newell

The "Logic Theorist" was a computer program designed by Herbert Simon and Allen Newell in 1956. It was one of the earliest artificial intelligence (AI) programs and was the first to demonstrate the potential for machines to do symbolic reasoning. The Logic Theorist was capable of proving mathematical theorems using a heuristic search algorithm based on the rules of symbolic logic. Its success in proving mathematical theorems showcased the possibility of using computers for intelligent problem-solving and contributed significantly to the development of the field of artificial intelligence.

9. Which of the following statements is/are true about “Physical Symbol System Hypothesis”?

• A physical symbol system understands the laws of physics.
• It is an approach to AI, based on the assumption that all aspects of intelligence can be achieved by the manipulation of symbols.
• It was proposed by Allen Newell and Herbert Simon.
• The three laws of robotics were especially devised for physical symbol systems.

Answer :- b. It is an approach to AI, based on the assumption that all aspects of intelligence can be achieved by the manipulation of symbols.

c. It was proposed by Allen Newell and Herbert Simon.

10. What is true of the first checkers program written in 1952 by Arthur Samuel?

• It was written in Java SE 17 programming language
• It improved as it played more and more games
• It eventually beat its creators in the game of checkers
• It evolved to a point of devising new board games (like snakes and ladders, etc.)

Answer :- b. It improved as it played more and more games.

Arthur Samuel's checkers program was one of the earliest examples of machine learning. It used a self-learning algorithm that improved its performance over time by playing many games against itself and learning from the outcomes. The program utilized a technique called "reinforcement learning" to update its evaluation function and make better moves based on the experience gained from playing games. As a result, the program became more proficient in playing checkers as it played more games and learned from its mistakes and successes.

11. _________ was the first general-purpose mobile robot to move around autonomously.

• Blue Gene
• ELIZA
• SHAKEY
• SHRDLU

Answer :- c. SHAKEY  
SHAKEY was developed at the Stanford Research Institute (now known as SRI International) in the late 1960s and early 1970s. It was a pioneering robot designed to navigate its environment, perceive its surroundings, and plan its movements autonomously. SHAKEY's movements were relatively slow, and it used a camera and other sensors to gather information about its environment. Despite its simplicity compared to modern robots, SHAKEY's achievements were groundbreaking for its time and laid the foundation for further advancements in robotics and autonomous navigation.

12. Which of the following were devised to test whether a machine is intelligent? Select the correct answers.

• Rorschach Test
• Loebner Prize
• Turing Test
• Winograd Schemas

Answer :- b. Loebner Prize
c. Turing Test
d. Winograd Schemas

The Loebner Prize is an annual competition in artificial intelligence that involves a variation of the Turing Test. It challenges competitors to create a chatbot or conversational agent that can convincingly simulate human conversation and fool judges into thinking they are interacting with a human.

The Turing Test, as mentioned earlier, is a test proposed by Alan Turing to determine a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a human. If a machine can pass the Turing Test and its responses cannot be reliably distinguished from those of a human, it is considered to have exhibited intelligent behavior.

Winograd Schemas, named after Terry Winograd, are a type of linguistic benchmark for AI. They consist of sentences with ambiguous pronouns, and the task is to determine the referent of the pronoun based on commonsense reasoning. The Winograd Schema Challenge is designed to test AI systems' ability to understand context and common sense, which are essential aspects of human intelligence.

13. Which of the following AI agents first demonstrated that machines can beat the very best humans at chess?

• Blue Gene
• Chess Machine
• Deep Blue
• Deep Thought

Answer :- c. Deep Blue

Deep Blue was a chess-playing computer developed by IBM. In 1997, Deep Blue defeated the reigning World Chess Champion, Garry Kasparov, in a six-game chess match. This historic victory marked the first time a computer defeated the World Chess Champion in a regulation match under standard time controls. Deep Blue's success was a significant milestone in the development of artificial intelligence and showcased the power of computing and algorithms in mastering complex games like chess.

14. As discussed in the “Artificial Intelligence: Search Methods for Problem Solving – Prologue”, this course is about

• Problem solving
• Model Based Reasoning
• Experience Based Reasoning
• Memory Based Reasoning

Answer :- a. Problem solving
The course covers search methods for problem-solving in the context of artificial intelligence. It involves techniques to find solutions to complex problems using search algorithms and other problem-solving methodologies.

15. Jack informed Dan that his flight was cancelled. Whose flight was cancelled?

• Jack’s flight
• Dan’s flight
• Cannot say

Answer :- b. Dan’s flight

16. Jack informed Maya that his flight was cancelled. Whose flight was cancelled?

• Jack’s flight
• Maya’s flight
• Cannot say

Answer :- a. Jack’s flight (In the sentence "Jack informed Maya that his flight was cancelled," the pronoun "his" refers to Jack. Therefore, Jack's flight was cancelled.)

17. The dog chased the cat, which ran up a tree. It waited at the top. Who does “It” refer to?

• The dog
• The cat
• Cannot say

Answer :- b.  "It" refers to "The cat."

In the sentence, "The dog chased the cat, which ran up a tree," the pronoun "which" is used to refer back to the previously mentioned noun, which is "the cat." Therefore, "It" in the subsequent sentence "It waited at the top" refers to "the cat."

18. The dog chased the cat, which ran up a tree. It waited at the bottom. Who does “It” refer to?

• The dog
• The cat
• Cannot say

Answer :- a. "The dog."

In the sentence, "The dog chased the cat, which ran up a tree," the pronoun "which" is used to refer back to the previously mentioned noun, which is "the cat." However, in the subsequent sentence "It waited at the bottom," the pronoun "It" is used to refer back to the last mentioned noun, which is "the dog." Therefore, "It" in the second sentence refers to "the dog."

19. After Pascal’s death Leibniz started to work on his calculator. Who’s calculator?

• Leibniz’s calculator
• Pascal’s calculator
• Cannot say

Answer :- a. "Leibniz's calculator."
The sentence states, "After Pascal's death, Leibniz started to work on his calculator." In this context, "his" refers to "Leibniz." Therefore, the calculator being referred to is "Leibniz's calculator."

20. The above five questions involve anaphora resolution. For a computer program to answer the above five questions correctly it would

• need to be able to search over the internet for similar sentences.
• need a lot of common-sense knowledge about the world.
• need to understand the semantics of gender when talking about people and languages (in many Indian languages nouns and verbs have gender associated with them).
• need to be able to use data science effectively.

Answer :- b. need a lot of common-sense knowledge about the world.
Anaphora resolution is the process of identifying the referents of pronouns (like "he," "she," "it," etc.) in a sentence based on the context and common-sense understanding of the world. To correctly resolve anaphora, the program needs to possess a significant amount of knowledge about how the world works, the relationships between entities, and the context in which the sentences are presented.

Course Name	Artificial Intelligence : Search Methods For Problem Solving
Category	NPTEL Assignment Answer
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